Understanding Diseases Caused by Air Pollution: Risks and Controls

Air pollution is a significant global issue, impacting both the environment and human health. With urbanisation and industrialisation, air quality has deteriorated, leading to severe health problems worldwide. In this blog, we will read about what is the main cause of air pollution, and diseases caused by air pollution: risks and controls, highlighting the common diseases triggered by air pollution, the pollutants responsible, and the measures to control and mitigate these health risks.

The Silent Threat: Air Pollution

Air pollution is an invisible threat that spreads through our daily lives. It consists of various harmful substances suspended in the air we breathe, including particulate matter, gases, and toxic chemicals. These pollutants originate from multiple sources, such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, burning of fossil fuels, and even natural events like forest fires. When inhaled, these pollutants can cause a range of health problems, some of which can be life-threatening.

Common Diseases Caused by Air Pollution

Diseases caused by air pollution are responsible for millions of deaths annually. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately one in eight deaths worldwide is linked to air pollution sickness. Here, we explore some of the most common diseases caused by pollution in air:

1. Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary heart disease, is a condition characterised by reduced blood flow to the heart due to the buildup of calcium or other materials like fat in the coronary arteries. Air pollution accelerates the buildup of these plaques, leading to increased incidences of heart attacks and other cardiovascular issues.

2. Stroke

Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. Particulate air pollution has been closely linked to strokes, as fine particles can enter the bloodstream and contribute to the formation of blood clots.

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD is a group of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that cause breathing difficulties. Air pollutants, particularly from fossil fuels and industrial emissions, can cause long-term damage to the lungs, and worsen conditions like COPD.

4. Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a severe and often fatal disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. Particulate matter, especially from vehicle emissions and industrial pollutants, is a significant contributor to lung cancer.

5. Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

Children are particularly vulnerable to acute lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, due to their developing respiratory systems. Exposure to air pollutants can lead to severe infections and complications in young children.

Major Air Pollutants and Their Health Impacts

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies several "Criteria Air Pollutants" that are prevalent in the atmosphere and pose significant health risks. Understanding these causes and effects of air pollution is crucial in managing and reducing air pollution-related diseases.

1. Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate matter consists of tiny particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. These particles come from various sources, including vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and the burning of fossil fuels. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is particularly harmful, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including asthma, COPD, and heart attacks.

2. Ozone (O3)

While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation, ground-level ozone is a major component of smog and is harmful to human health. It forms when pollutants from vehicles and industrial activities react with sunlight. Ground-level ozone can cause respiratory issues, including asthma and decreased lung function.

3. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Nitrogen dioxide is a toxic gas released from vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial processes. It can irritate the respiratory system, leading to increased asthma attacks and other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure can also contribute to the development of chronic respiratory conditions.

4. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide is produced from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and industrial processes. It can cause respiratory problems, particularly in individuals with asthma, and can lead to the formation of other harmful pollutants, such as fine particulate matter.

5. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. High levels of carbon monoxide can prevent oxygen from reaching tissues and organs, leading to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and even death in severe cases.

6. Lead (Pb)

Lead was once a common pollutant from vehicle emissions and industrial processes. Although levels have significantly decreased due to regulations, lead exposure can still occur, leading to severe health problems, including neurological damage and developmental delays in children.

Risk Factors for Air Pollution-Related Diseases

Several factors increase the risk of developing diseases caused by air pollution. These include:

1. Geographical Location

Urban areas and regions with heavy industrial activities tend to have higher levels of air pollution.

2. Socioeconomic Status

Lower-income communities often live closer to pollution sources and may lack access to healthcare.

3. Pre-existing Health Conditions

Individuals with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases are more susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollution.

4. Age

Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to air pollution due to their weaker immune systems and developing or ageing organs.

Preventive Measures to Control Air Pollution and Protect Health

Addressing air pollution requires a multifaceted approach involving policy changes, technological advancements, and individual actions. Here are some effective strategies to reduce air pollution and protect public health:

1. Implementing Emissions Standards

Governments can establish and enforce strict emissions standards for industries, vehicles, and other major sources of pollution. This can significantly reduce the release of harmful pollutants into the air.

2. Promoting Clean Energy

Transitioning to clean energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease air pollution. Encouraging the use of electric vehicles and public transportation can also help lower emissions.

3. Enhancing Industrial Processes

Industries can adopt cleaner technologies and practices to minimise emissions. This includes using scrubbers, filters, and other pollution control devices to capture pollutants before they are released into the atmosphere.

4. Public Awareness and Education

Raising awareness about the health risks of air pollution and educating the public on ways to reduce their exposure can lead to healthier behaviours. This includes promoting carpooling, walking, biking, and using public transportation.

5. Encouraging Green Spaces

Planting trees and creating green spaces can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. Urban planning should include green belts and parks to provide cleaner air for residents.

Conclusion

Understanding diseases caused by air pollution along with the risks and controls is essential for safeguarding public health and ensuring a sustainable environment. Air pollution is a common issue that affects millions of people worldwide, leading to severe health problems and premature deaths. By recognising the common diseases caused by air pollution and implementing effective control measures, we can reduce these risks and protect our communities. For more information on protecting your health from air pollution and exploring comprehensive Health Insurance options, contact Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company today. Our commitment to your well-being extends beyond coverage; we strive to provide solutions that enhance your quality of life and protect you from the unseen dangers of air pollution. *Standard T&C Apply **Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. It is based on several secondary sources on the internet and is subject to changes. Please consult an expert before making any related decisions. ***Insurance is the subject matter of solicitation. For more details on benefits, exclusions, limitations, terms, and conditions, please read the sales brochure/policy wording carefully before concluding a sale. ****The information presented is not meant to be a substitute for medical advice. Any suggestions mentioned should be considered for general use only. For expert guidance on any health ailment or medical issue or any treatment/procedure, please consult a certified medical professional.