Psoriasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

Psoriasis is more than just a skin disease; it's a chronic autoimmune condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the condition is often misunderstood. For those living with psoriasis disease, managing the symptoms and understanding the causes is crucial for improving quality of life. This blog is about the nature of psoriasis, its symptoms, types, causes, and treatment options, offering insights into how to manage this persistent condition effectively.

What is Psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that primarily affects the skin, leading to the rapid buildup of skin cells. This excessive cell production results in scaly patches that can be itchy, painful, and often unsightly. The condition is non-contagious and can vary significantly in severity, from mild cases with minimal psoriasis symptoms to severe cases that cover large areas of the body. The immune system plays a pivotal role in psoriasis disease, mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells, causing the rapid turnover of cells. This results in the characteristic scaly patches or plaques seen in psoriasis skin disease. While psoriasis symptoms can flare and subside over time, the condition itself is typically a lifelong struggle.

Types of Psoriasis

Psoriasis manifests in various forms, each with its unique characteristics and symptoms. Understanding the different types is essential for effective treatment and management.

1. Plaque Psoriasis

This is the most common type of psoriasis, affecting about 80% to 90% of those diagnosed with the condition. Plaque psoriasis is characterised by raised, inflamed, red lesions covered with silvery-white scales. These plaques can appear anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back.

2. Inverse Psoriasis

Inverse psoriasis affects the folds of the skin, such as under the breasts, in the groin, and around the genitals and buttocks. The patches are typically smooth and shiny, with less scaling than plaque psoriasis. This type of psoriasis is particularly prone to irritation from sweating and friction.

3. Guttate Psoriasis

Guttate psoriasis often begins in childhood or young adulthood and is usually triggered by a bacterial infection such as strep throat. It is characterised by small, red, drop-shaped spots that appear on the trunk, arms, legs, and scalp.

4. Pustular Psoriasis

Pustular psoriasis is less common but can be more severe. It is characterised by white pustules (blisters of noninfectious pus) surrounded by red skin. The condition can be localised, particularly on the hands and feet, or generalised, affecting larger areas of the body.

5. Erythrodermic Psoriasis

This is a rare and severe form of psoriasis that affects most of the body surface with a red, peeling rash that can itch or burn intensely. Erythrodermic psoriasis can lead to severe illness, and immediate medical attention is often required.

6. Sebopsoriasis

A cross between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis, sebopsoriasis typically appears on the face and scalp. It causes bumps and plaques with a greasy, yellow scale.

7. Nail Psoriasis

Nail psoriasis affects the fingernails and toenails, causing pitting, discolouration, and abnormal nail growth. The nails may loosen and separate from the nail bed, leading to crumbling in severe cases.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

Psoriasis symptoms can vary widely depending on the type of psoriasis. However, some common symptoms across all types include:

1. Red, inflamed patches of skin covered with silvery-white scales.
2. Dry, cracked skin that may bleed or itch.
3. Pitted, discoloured nails that may detach from the nail bed.
4. Thickened, scaly patches on the scalp.
5. Joint pain and swelling, which may indicate psoriatic arthritis.
6. Itching, burning, or soreness around the affected areas.

The severity of these symptoms can range from mild irritation to significant discomfort and disfigurement, affecting a person's overall quality of life.

Causes of Psoriasis

The exact causes of psoriasis are not fully understood, but it is widely believed to be a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Here are some of the key factors that may contribute to the development of psoriasis:

1. Immune system malfunction: The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to the rapid production of new cells and the buildup of scales.
2. Genetics: Psoriasis often runs in families. If one or both of your parents have psoriasis, your risk of developing the condition increases.
3. Environmental triggers: Certain triggers can provoke the onset of psoriasis symptoms, including stress, skin injuries, infections, and certain medications.
4. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and obesity are known to increase the risk of developing psoriasis.

Diagnosis and Test

Diagnosing psoriasis typically involves a physical examination of the skin, scalp, and nails by a healthcare provider. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to rule out other skin conditions. During a biopsy, a small sample of the affected skin is removed and examined under a microscope. Your healthcare provider may also ask about your family history, as psoriasis can be hereditary. Understanding your symptoms, their frequency, and any potential triggers can also help in the diagnosis process.

Treatment Options

There is no cure for psoriasis, but various treatments can help manage the psoriasis symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected. Here are some common psoriasis treatment options:

1. Topical treatments

These include creams and ointments applied directly to the skin to reduce inflammation and slow down the rapid production of skin cells. Examples include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, and retinoids.

2. Phototherapy

This treatment involves exposing the skin to ultraviolet light under medical supervision. UVB light therapy is commonly used for treating moderate to severe psoriasis.

3. Systemic medications

For severe cases of psoriasis, oral or injected medications that affect the entire body may be prescribed. These include methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologic drugs that target specific parts of the immune system.

4. Lifestyle changes

Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management, can help reduce flare-ups and improve overall health.

Psoriasis Management Tips

Living with psoriasis can be challenging, but these management tips can help you cope better with the condition: Moisturise regularly. Keeping your skin hydrated is crucial to preventing dryness and cracking.

1. Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid triggers that can cause flare-ups, such as stress, infections, and certain medications.
2. Use gentle skincare products: Opt for mild soaps and shampoos that do not irritate the skin.
3. Stay informed: Keep up with the latest psoriasis research and treatments to manage your condition effectively.
4. Consult your doctor regularly: Regular check-ups can help monitor the condition and adjust treatments as needed.

Complications and Related Conditions

Psoriasis is associated with several complications and related conditions that can impact overall health. Some of these include:

1. Psoriatic arthritis: This condition causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling and affects about 30% of people with psoriasis.
2. Cardiovascular disease: People with psoriasis have a higher risk of developing heart disease due to chronic inflammation.
3. Diabetes: The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in individuals with psoriasis.
4. Mental health issues: The visible nature of psoriasis can lead to low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
5. Obesity: Excess weight can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms and make treatment less effective.

Conclusion

Living with psoriasis can be challenging, but with the right treatment and management strategies, it is possible to control the symptoms and lead a fulfilling life. Understanding the various types, causes, and psoriasis symptoms is the first step towards effective management. If you or a loved one is struggling with psoriasis, consider seeking comprehensive care that addresses both the physical and emotional aspects of the condition. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company offers health insurance plans that can support your journey in managing chronic conditions like psoriasis, ensuring you have access to the necessary treatments and care.

FAQs

What are the early signs of psoriasis?

Early signs of psoriasis may include small bumps on the skin that gradually grow larger and develop scales. Red, inflamed patches and itchy skin are also common early symptoms.

Can psoriasis be cured?

No, psoriasis is a chronic condition with no cure. However, with proper psoriasis treatment and management, symptoms can be controlled, and patients can lead a normal life.

What triggers psoriasis flare-ups?

Common triggers include stress, skin injuries, infections, smoking, alcohol consumption, and certain medications.

How is psoriasis different from eczema?

While both are skin conditions, psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterised by thick, scaly plaques, whereas eczema is often linked to allergies and causes dry, itchy skin.

What are the best treatments for severe psoriasis?

Severe psoriasis may require systemic treatments like biologic drugs, methotrexate, or cyclosporine. Phototherapy and lifestyle changes can also be effective in managing severe symptoms. *Standard T&C Apply **Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. It is based on several secondary sources on the internet and is subject to changes. Please consult an expert before making any related decisions. ***Insurance is the subject matter of solicitation. For more details on benefits, exclusions, limitations, terms, and conditions, please read the sales brochure/policy wording carefully before concluding a sale. ****The information presented is not a substitute for medical advice. Any suggestions mentioned should be considered for general use only. For expert guidance on any health ailment or medical issue or any treatment/procedure, please consult a certified medical professional.