Thyroid Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What is Thyroid Disease?

Thyroid disease is an umbrella term for conditions that affect thyroid function. The two main types of thyroid disease are hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Each has multiple possible causes, but both are treatable—usually with medication. The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system and controls many of your body's essential functions by producing and releasing thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate your metabolism, which is the process of converting food into energy. All the cells in your body need energy to function, and when your thyroid isn't working correctly, it can impact your entire body.

Types of Thyroid Disease

The two main types of thyroid disease are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes include iodine deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism, in which babies are born with an underactive thyroid.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include

● Slower-than-usual heart rate ● Fatigue ● Unexplained weight gain ● Sensitivity to cold ● Dry skin and coarse hair ● Depressed mood ● Heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia) If left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to high cholesterol, heart problems, and other complications.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is characterised by the thyroid gland producing too much thyroid hormone. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition. Other causes include thyroid nodules and excessive iodine intake.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include

● Faster-than-usual heart rate (tachycardia) ● Difficulty sleeping ● Unexplained weight loss ● Sensitivity to heat ● Clammy or sweaty skin ● Anxiety, irritability, or nervousness ● Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhea Both conditions can cause an enlarged thyroid (goitre), but it is more common in hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Eye Disease

One specific complication associated with thyroid disease is thyroid eye disease. This condition often accompanies hyperthyroidism and can lead to symptoms such as bulging eyes, double vision, and eye pain. If left untreated, thyroid eye disease can result in vision loss. It is crucial to seek medical attention if you experience any signs of thyroid eye disease.

Risk Factors for Thyroid Disease

Certain factors can increase your risk of developing thyroid disease, including: ● Being assigned female at birth (AFAB), as people AFAB are five to eight times more likely to have thyroid conditions than those assigned male at birth (AMAB). ● Family history of thyroid disease ● Having Turner syndrome ● Taking medications high in iodine ● Living in an area with iodine deficiency ● Being older than 60 ● Receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck Autoimmune diseases such as pernicious anaemia, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, Addison's disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome also increase the risk.

Diagnosis and Tests

Diagnosing thyroid disease involves a combination of medical history, physical exams, and specific tests. During the exam, your healthcare provider will gently feel your thyroid gland to check for enlargement or nodules. Thyroid tests include ● Blood tests measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), T3, T4, and thyroid antibodies to determine if you have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. ● Imaging tests: Ultrasounds and nuclear medicine imaging can help identify nodules and assess thyroid function.

Management and Treatment

Treating thyroid disease aims to restore normal thyroid hormone levels and alleviate symptoms. The approach depends on the type and cause of the condition.

A. Treatment for Hypothyroidism

The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid replacement medication, such as levothyroxine. This synthetic hormone replaces the deficient thyroid hormone in your body. Regular monitoring and dosage adjustments are essential to ensure effective management.

B. Treatment for Hyperthyroidism

Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include: ● Antithyroid drugs: Medications like methimazole and propylthiouracil reduce thyroid hormone production. ● Radioiodine therapy: This treatment damages the thyroid cells, reducing hormone production. ● Beta-blockers: These medications manage symptoms like rapid heart rate but do not affect hormone levels. ● Surgery: In some cases, surgical removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy) is necessary. Post-surgery, patients will need thyroid replacement medication for life.

Prevention and Outlook

Most thyroid diseases are not preventable due to their genetic and autoimmune nature. However, maintaining a healthy iodine level can help prevent iodine deficiency or excess conditions. It's essential to consult with your healthcare provider if you have concerns about iodine intake.

Living with Thyroid Disease

Managing thyroid disease often requires lifelong treatment and regular monitoring. Adhering to your treatment plan and attending regular check-ups with your healthcare provider is crucial for managing the condition effectively. With proper treatment, individuals with thyroid disease can live healthy lives daily.

The Importance of Health Insurance Plans

Managing thyroid disease involves various medical treatments, regular monitoring, and potentially lifelong medication. A comprehensive health insurance plan is essential to cover the costs of diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing care. Health insurance can provide access to specialists, diagnostic tests, medications, and even surgical procedures if necessary. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company offers a range of health insurance plans that can help you manage the financial aspects of treating thyroid disease. Their plans cover doctor consultations, diagnostic tests, medications, hospitalisation, and surgery. Ensuring you have the right health insurance coverage can give you peace of mind and allow you to focus on your health and well-being. Understanding thyroid disease is vital for effective management and treatment. Whether dealing with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid eye disease, recognising symptoms and seeking timely medical intervention can significantly improve quality of life. Coupled with comprehensive health insurance, individuals can access essential care without financial strain. With ongoing monitoring and proper treatment, those affected by thyroid disease can lead fulfilling lives. Prioritise your health, stay informed, and seek support when needed. *Standard T&C Apply **Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. It is based on several secondary sources on the internet and is subject to changes. Please consult an expert before making any related decisions. ***Insurance is the subject matter of solicitation. For more details on benefits, exclusions, limitations, terms, and conditions, please read the sales brochure/policy wording carefully before concluding a sale. ****The information presented is not meant to be a substitute for medical advice. Any suggestions mentioned should be considered for general use only. For expert guidance on any health ailment or medical issue or any treatment/procedure, please consult a certifi