Dialysis: Types, How It Works, Procedure & Side Effects

Kidney health is crucial for the overall well-being of our bodies. The kidneys perform vital functions like filtering waste, balancing fluids, and regulating blood pressure. However, when the kidneys fail to work as they should, a treatment called dialysis steps in to do the job. Whether you're new to the concept of dialysis or seeking detailed insights, this blog covers everything from what is dialysis, its types, benefits, risks, and more.

What Is Dialysis?

Dialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This treatment is essential for individuals with kidney failure or those suffering from severe kidney diseases that impair the organ's ability to filter blood. Dialysis acts as an artificial kidney, helping maintain the body's balance of fluids, salts, and other substances. Kidney failure can result from various conditions, including chronic diabetes, high blood pressure, or genetic disorders. When kidney function drops to 10-15% of its normal capacity, dialysis becomes necessary to prevent the buildup of harmful waste and fluid in the bloodstream. So, what is dialysis used for? It's employed to manage kidney failure and maintain overall bodily functions.

Types of Dialysis

There are two types of dialysis: Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis. Each has a unique process and is suitable for different patient needs.

1. Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis. Blood is removed from the body through a needle or catheter, passed through a dialyser (an external machine), and then returned to the body. This procedure typically takes about 4 hours and is performed thrice weekly. It is usually done in a hospital or dialysis centre, though it can also be done at home with proper training.

2. Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis involves inserting a catheter into the patient's abdomen, where a unique solution called dialysate is introduced. The peritoneum, a membrane lining the abdominal cavity, is a natural filter. Waste products and excess fluids from the blood pass into the dialysate, which is then drained away. This method is usually performed daily, either manually (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis) or using a machine (Automated Peritoneal Dialysis) at night.

Type	Hemodialysis	Peritoneal Dialysis
Process	Blood is pumped out of the body to an external machine, filtered, and then returned.	The blood is filtered inside the body using the lining of your abdomen (peritoneum) as a filter.
Frequency	Typically 3 times a week, each session lasting about 4 hours.	Requires daily sessions but can be done overnight (Automated Peritoneal Dialysis).
Location	Usually performed in a dialysis centre or hospital, though it can be done at home with training.	Performed at home; more convenient but requires discipline and proper training.
Access Point	It involves creating vascular access through a minor surgery, usually in the arm.	It involves inserting a catheter into the abdomen through a minor surgical procedure.
Suitability	Suitable for patients who prefer or require close medical supervision.	Ideal for those seeking flexibility and comfortable managing their treatment at home.

Benefits of Dialysis

Dialysis offers numerous benefits, especially for those suffering from kidney failure. Here are some of the key advantages:

1. Waste Removal: Dialysis effectively removes harmful waste products and excess fluids from the blood, preventing complications associated with kidney failure.
2. Life Extension: For many patients, dialysis is a life-saving treatment that extends life expectancy and improves quality of life.
3. Symptom Relief: It helps manage symptoms of kidney failure, such as swelling, shortness of breath, and fatigue, by maintaining fluid balance.
4. Diet Flexibility: While dietary restrictions remain, dialysis allows for some flexibility, enabling patients to maintain better nutritional health.
5. Home Treatment Options: At-home dialysis options like Peritoneal Dialysis allow patients to have more control over their treatment schedules.

Risks and Complications of Dialysis

Type of Dialysis	Risks and Complications
Hemodialysis	Low blood pressure, anaemia, muscle cramps, difficulty sleeping, itching, and high blood potassium levels.
Peritoneal Dialysis	Infections at the catheter site, peritonitis (infection of the peritoneum), hernia, and weight gain due to dextrose absorption.

Preparation for Dialysis

Preparation for dialysis involves several steps to ensure the procedure is as safe and effective as possible. Here are the key points to consider:

1. Vascular Access

For hemodialysis, a minor surgery is required to create a vascular access point, usually in the arm, weeks before the first session.

2. Catheter Insertion

For peritoneal dialysis, a catheter is surgically placed in the abdomen about three weeks before starting the treatment.

3. Training

Patients opting for at-home dialysis must be trained to manage the procedure independently.

4. Medication Review

Your healthcare provider may adjust your medications to ensure they don’t interfere with dialysis.

5. Dietary Adjustments

A particular diet plan may be recommended to control fluid and mineral levels in your body.

6. Psychological Preparation

It’s essential to mentally prepare for the lifestyle changes that come with dialysis, including regular treatments and potential dietary restrictions.

Procedure Details

The dialysis procedure differs depending on the type chosen:

1. Hemodialysis: Blood is drawn from your body through a needle inserted into the vascular access point. It is then passed through a dialyser, where waste and excess fluid are removed before being returned to your body. The process takes 3-5 hours and is typically done thrice weekly.
2. Peritoneal Dialysis: A catheter introduces a cleansing fluid into the abdominal cavity. This fluid absorbs waste products and excess fluids from the blood vessels in the peritoneum. The fluid is then drained from the abdomen and discarded. Depending on the method, this process can be done multiple times a day or overnight.

Diet and Lifestyle Changes

Living with dialysis requires certain adjustments in diet and lifestyle to ensure the treatment’s effectiveness and overall well-being.

1. Diet: A kidney-friendly diet is crucial. This typically involves controlling the intake of potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and fluids. A dietitian specialising in kidney disease can help create a personalised meal plan.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity is encouraged to maintain muscle strength and cardiovascular health. However, the intensity and type of training may need to be adjusted based on your dialysis treatment.
3. Travel: While travel is possible, it requires careful planning. If you're on hemodialysis, you'll need to arrange for treatment at a dialysis centre at your destination. Those on peritoneal dialysis can carry their supplies but should consult their healthcare provider before travelling.
4. Medication Management: It is crucial to ensure that medications align with dialysis treatment. Some drugs may need to be adjusted or avoided.

Dialysis is a life-saving treatment for those suffering from severe kidney disease or kidney failure. While the treatment involves significant lifestyle changes, it allows patients to continue living active and fulfilling lives. If you or a loved one are facing kidney disease, it's essential to understand the options available. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company provides comprehensive health coverage, including options for managing the costs associated with dialysis, ensuring you receive the necessary care without financial worries. By being well-informed about what is dialysis, the different types of dialysis, and how to manage dialysis side effects and lifestyle changes, you can navigate this journey with more confidence. Regular consultations with healthcare professionals, staying committed to your treatment plan, and adopting a kidney-friendly lifestyle are crucial to improving your quality of life while on dialysis. Ultimately, dialysis is a significant medical advancement that helps individuals with kidney failure live healthier, longer lives. Whether you are considering hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, discussing your options with your healthcare provider and exploring support services available, including Online Health Insurance, can significantly impact your overall experience and peace of mind.

FAQs

What is dialysis, and why is it needed?

Dialysis is a medical treatment that performs the functions of the kidneys when they are no longer capable of doing so due to disease or injury. It is essential for patients with kidney failure to remove waste, excess fluids, and maintain the body's balance of electrolytes.

How do I prepare for dialysis?

Preparation for dialysis involves minor surgical procedures for vascular access (in hemodialysis) or catheter placement (in peritoneal dialysis). If you're planning to do dialysis at home, you will also receive training, dietary adjustments, and medication reviews.

What are the risks associated with dialysis?

The risks associated with dialysis vary by type. Hemodialysis risks include low blood pressure, anaemia, and muscle cramps. Peritoneal Dialysis risks include infections, peritonitis, and hernias.

Can I travel while on dialysis?

Yes, you can travel while on dialysis. It requires careful planning, especially for hemodialysis patients who need to arrange treatments at a dialysis centre at their destination. Peritoneal Dialysis patients can bring their supplies with them.

How does dialysis affect my lifestyle?

Dialysis can lead to lifestyle changes, including dietary restrictions, regular treatment schedules, and adjustments to daily routines. *Standard T&C Apply **Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. It is based on several secondary sources on the internet and is subject to changes. Please consult an expert before making any related decisions. ***Insurance is the subject matter of solicitation. For more details on benefits, exclusions, limitations, terms, and conditions, please read the sales brochure/policy wording carefully before concluding a sale. ****The information presented is not meant to be a substitute for medical advice. Any suggestions mentioned should be considered for general use only. For expert guidance on any health ailment or medical issue or any treatment/procedure, please consult a certified medical professional.