Lung Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Diagnosis

Lung cancer occurs when lung cells mutate and grow uncontrollably, forming tumours. These abnormal cells interfere with the lung's ability to function effectively, impairing respiration and overall health. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving outcomes and survival rates.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, yet many remain unaware of its complexity, risk factors, and potential treatment options. In this blog, we will explore lung cancer types, causes, symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic methods while shedding light on available treatment avenues.

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Types of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is broadly classified into two major types:

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

• Adenocarcinoma: The most common form, often linked to smoking, but can also occur in non-smokers.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Typically associated with smoking and develops in the central airways.
• Large Cell Carcinoma: A less common type known for its rapid growth and spread.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

• Limited Stage SCLC: Confined to one lung or a single region.
• Extensive Stage SCLC: Spreads to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes.

Rare Types

• Carcinoid Tumors: These rare neuroendocrine tumours can occur in the lungs, accounting for about 5% of lung cancers. They typically grow slowly and are generally not associated with smoking.
• Pancoast Tumors: A specific type of NSCLC located at the top of the lung, which can invade surrounding tissues

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer symptoms vary depending on its stage and type. Common signs include:

• Persistent coughing that worsens over time.
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
• Chest pain or discomfort.
• Unexplained weight loss and fatigue.
• Hoarseness in the voice.
• Coughing up blood or rust-coloured sputum.
• Frequent respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

Causes and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key causes and risk factors include:

• Smoking: The primary cause of cigarette smoke contains numerous carcinogens.
• Exposure to secondhand smoke: Puts non-smokers at risk.
• Air pollution: Prolonged exposure to pollutants can damage lung tissue.
• Occupational hazards: Contact with asbestos, arsenic, or other chemicals increases risk.
• Radon exposure: This natural radioactive gas can accumulate in poorly ventilated homes.
• Genetic predisposition: A family history of lung cancer may elevate risk.
• Chronic lung diseases: Conditions like COPD or pulmonary fibrosis increase susceptibility.

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Diagnosing lung cancer involves a range of tests to confirm its presence and stage. Diagnostic procedures include:

1. Imaging tests

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs detect abnormalities in the lungs.

2. Sputum cytology

Examines mucus coughed up from the lungs for cancerous cells.

3. Bronchoscopy

A thin tube is inserted into the airways to examine and collect tissue samples.

4. Biopsy

Involves taking a sample of lung tissue to identify cancerous cells.

5. Blood tests

While not definitive, these can detect markers or assess overall health.

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer

The treatment of lung cancer depends on its type, stage, and the patient’s overall health. Here are the most common options:

1. Surgery

Removal of the tumor or affected lung tissue, usually in early-stage cancers.

2. Radiation therapy

High-energy rays target and destroy cancer cells.

3. Chemotherapy

Drugs administered orally or intravenously to kill cancer cells or prevent their spread.

4. Targeted therapy

Focuses on specific mutations in cancer cells, sparing healthy cells.

5. Immunotherapy

Boosts the immune system to fight cancer effectively.

6. Palliative care

Manages symptoms and enhances quality of life for advanced-stage cancer patients.

Conclusion

Lung cancer is a challenging condition, but advancements in diagnosis and treatment provide hope for patients. By understanding lung cancer causes, symptoms, and risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their risks. Early detection remains key to successful outcomes, making regular screenings and awareness essential.

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FAQs

Can non-smokers get lung cancer?

Yes, non-smokers can develop lung cancer due to secondhand smoke, air pollution, radon exposure, or genetic factors.

How can I reduce my risk of lung cancer?

Avoid smoking, limit exposure to secondhand smoke, maintain indoor air quality and follow safety measures if exposed to occupational hazards.

Can lung cancer be detected early?

Yes, through routine screenings like low-dose CT scans, especially for high-risk individuals. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.

Can lung cancer be prevented?

While it can’t be entirely prevented, risk can be reduced by avoiding smoking, reducing exposure to carcinogens, and leading a healthy lifestyle.

How long does lung cancer treatment last?

Treatment duration varies depending on the stage, type, and method used. It may range from weeks (for surgery or radiation) to months or longer (for chemotherapy or immunotherapy).

Can lung cancer come back after treatment?

Yes, lung cancer can recur, especially in advanced stages. Regular follow-ups and adherence to a post-treatment care plan are essential to monitor for recurrence.

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